Real-time power conservation and thermal management for computers

ABSTRACT

A real-time power conservation and thermal management apparatus and method for portable computers employs a monitor to determine whether a CPU may rest based upon a real-time sample of the CPU activity and temperature levels and to activate a hardware-selector to carry out the monitor&#39;s determination. If the monitor determines the CPU may rest, the hardware selector reduces CPU clock time; if the CPU is to be active, the hardware selector returns the CPU to its previous high speed clock level. Switching back into full operation from its rest state occurs without a user having to request it and without any delay in the operation of the computer while waiting for the computer to return to a &#34;ready&#34; state. Furthermore, the monitor adjusts the performance level of the computer to manage power conservation and thermal management in response to the real-time sampling of CPU activity and temperature. Such adjustments are accomplished within the CPU cycles and do not affect the user&#39;s perception of performance and do not affect any system application software executing on the computer.

This application is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 08/023,831 filed Feb. 23, 1993, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 07/429,270 filed Oct. 30, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,704.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to real-time computer thermal management and power conservation, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for decreasing and increasing central processing unit (CPU) clock time based on temperature and real-time activity levels within the CPU of a portable computer.

2. Description of the Related Art

During the development stages of personal computers, the transportable or portable computer has become very popular. Such portable computer uses a large power supply and really represents a small desktop personal computer. Portable computers are smaller and lighter than a desktop personal computer and allow a user to employ the same software that can be used on a desktop computer.

The first generation "portable" computers only operated from an A/C wall power. As personal computer development continued, battery-powered computers were designed. Furthermore, real portability became possible with the development of new display technology, better disk storage, and lighter components. Unfortunately, the software developed was designed to run on desk top computers without regard to battery-powered portable computers that only had limited amounts of power available for short periods of time. No special considerations were made by the software, operating system (MS-DOS), Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), or the third party application software to conserve power usage for these portable computers.

As more and more highly functional software packages were developed, desktop computer users experienced increased performance from the introductions of higher computational CPUs, increased memory, and faster high performance disk drives. Unfortunately, portable computers continued to run only on A/C power or with large and heavy batteries. In trying to keep up with the performance requirements of the desk top computers, and the new software, expensive components were used to cut the power requirements. Even so, the heavy batteries still did not run very long. This meant users of portable computers has to settle for A/C operation or very short battery operation to have the performance that was expected from the third party software.

Portable computer designers stepped the performance down to 8088- and 8086-type processors to reduce the power consumption. The supporting circuits and CPU took less power to run and therefore, lighter batteries could be used. Unfortunately, the new software requiring 80286-type instructions, that did not exist in the older slower 8088/8086 CPUs, did not run. In an attempt to design a portable computer that could conserve power, thereby yielding longer battery operation, smaller units, and less weight, some portable computer designers proceeded to reduce power consumption of a portable computer while a user is not using the computer. For example, designers obtain a reduction in power usage by slowing or stopping the disk drive after some predetermined period of inactivity; if the disk drive is not being used, the disk drive is turned off, or simply placed into a standby mode. When the user is ready to use the disk, the operator must wait until the disk drive spins up and the computer system is ready again for full performance before the operator may proceed with the operation.

Other portable computer designers conserve power by turning the computer display off when the keyboard is not being used. However, in normal operation the computer is using full power. In other words, power conservation by this method is practical only when the user is not using the components of the system. It is very likely, however, that the user will turn the computer off when not in use. Nevertheless, substantial power conservation while the operator is using the computer for meaningful work is needed. When the operator uses the computer, full operation of all components is required. During the intervals while the operator is not using the computer, however, the computer could be turned off or slowed down to conserve power consumption. It is critical to maintaining performance to determine when to slow the computer down or turn it off without disrupting the user's work, upsetting the third party software, or confusing the operating system, until operation is needed.

Furthermore, although a user can wait for the disk to spin up as described above, application software packages cannot wait for the CPU to "spin up" and get ready. The CPU must be ready when the application program needs to compute. Switching to full operation must be completed quickly and without the application program being affected. This immediate transition must be transparent to the user as well as to the application currently active. Delays cause user operational problems in response time and software compatibility, as well as general failure by the computer to accurately execute a required program.

Other attempts at power conservation for portable computers include providing a "Shut Down" or "Standby Mode" of operation. The problem, again, is that the computer is not usable by the operator during this period. The operator could just as well turned off the power switch of the unit to save power. This type of power conservation only allows the portable computer to "shut down" and thereby save power if the operator forgets to turn off the power switch, or walks away from the computer for the programmed length of time. The advantage of this type of power conservation over just turning the power switch off/on is a much quicker return to full operation. However, this method of power conservation is still not real-time, intelligent power conservation while the computer is on and processing data which does not disturb the operating system, BIOS, and any third party application programs currently running on the computer.

Some attempt to meet this need was made by VLSI vendors in providing circuits that either turned off the clocks to the CPU when the user was not typing on the keyboard or woke up the computer on demand when a keystroke occurred. Either of these approaches reduce power but the computer is dead (unusable) during this period. Background operations such as updating the system clock, communications, print spooling, and other like operations cannot be performed. Some existing portable computers employ these circuits. After a programmed period of no activity, the computer turns itself off. The operator must turn the machine on again but does not have to reboot the operating system and application program. The advantage of this circuitry is like the existing "shut down" operations, a quick return to full operation without restarting the computer. Nevertheless, this method only reduces power consumption when the user walks away from the machine and does not actually extend the operational like of the battery charge.

Thermal over-heating of CPUs and other related devices is another problem yet to be addressed by portable computer manufacturers. CPUs are designed to operate within specific temperature ranges (varies depending on CPU type, manufacturer, quality, etc). CPU performance and speed degenerates when the limits of the operation temperature ranges are exceeded, especially the upper temperature range. This problem is particularly acute with CPUs manufactured using CMOS technology where temperatures above the upper temperature range result in reduced CPU performance and speed. Existing power saving techniques save power but do not measure and intelligently control CPU and/or related device temperature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above problems associated with the related art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for real-time conservation of power and thermal management for computer systems without any real-time performance degradation, such conservation of power and thermal management remaining transparent to the user.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for predicting CPU activity and temperature levels and using the predictions for automatic power conservation and temperature control.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method which allows user modification of automatic activity and temperature level predictions and using the modified predictions for automatic power conservation and temperature control.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for real-time reduction and restoration of clock speeds thereby returning the CPU to full processing rate from a period of inactivity which is transparent to software programs.

These objects are accomplished in a preferred embodiment of the present invention by an apparatus and method which determine whether a CPU may rest (including any PCI bus coupled to the CPU) based upon CPU activity and temperature levels and activates a hardware selector based upon that determination. If the CPU may rest, or sleep, the hardware selector applies oscillations at a sleep clock level; if the CPU is to be active, the hardware selector applies oscillations at a high speed clock level.

The present invention examines the state of CPU activity and temperature, as well as the activity of both the operator and any application software currently active. This sampling of activity and temperature is performed real-time, adjusting the performance level of the computer to manage power conservation, CPU temperature and computer power. These adjustments are accomplished within the CPU cycles and do no affect the user's perception of performance.

Thus, when the operator for the third party software of the operating system/BIOS is not using the computer, the present invention will effect a quick turn off or slow down of the CPU until needed, thereby reducing the power consumption and CPU temperature, and will promptly restore full CPU operation when needed without affecting perceived performance. This switching back into full operation from the "slow down" mode occurs without the user having to request it and without any delay in the operation of the computer while waiting for the computer to return to a "ready" state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the detailed description with follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart depicting the self-tuning aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 2a-2d are flowcharts depicting the active power conservation monitor employed by the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram representing the active power conservation associated hardware employed by the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic of the sleep hardware for one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of the sleep hardware for another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

If the period of computer activity in any given system is examined, the CPU and associated components have a utilization percentage. If the user is inputting data from the keyboard, the time between keystrokes is very long in terms of CPU cycles. Many things can be accomplished by the computer during this time, such as printing a report. Even during the printing of a report, time is still available for additional operations such as background updating of a clock/calendar display. Even so, there is almost always spare time when the CPU is not being used. If the computer is turned off or slowed down during this spare time, then power consumption is obtained real-time. Such real-time power conservation extends battery operation life and lowers CPU temperature.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, to conserve power and lower CPU temperature under MS-DOS, as well as other operating systems such as OS/2, XENIS, and those for Apple computers, requires a combination of hardware and software. It should be noted that because the present invention will work in any system, while the implementation may vary slightly on a system-by-system basis, the scope of the present invention should therefore not be limited to computer systems operating under MS/DOS.

Slowing down or stopping computer system components reduces power consumption and lowers CPU temperature, although the amount of power saved and CPU temperature reduction may vary. Therefore, according to the present invention, stopping the clock (where possible as some CPUs cannot have their clocks stopped) reduces power consumption and CPU temperature more than just slowing the clock.

In general, the number of operations (or instructions) per second may be considered to be roughly proportional to the processor clock:

    instructions/second=instructions/cycle*cycles/second

Assuming for simplicity that the same instruction is repeatedly executed so that instructions/second is constant, the relationship can be expressed as follows:

    Fq=K.sub.1 *Clk

where Fq is instructions/second, K₁ is constant equal to the instructions/cycle, and Clk equals cycles/second. Thus, roughly speaking, the rate of execution increases with the frequency of the CPU clock.

The amount of power being used at any given moment is also related to the frequency of the CPU clock and therefore to the rate of execution. In general this relationship can be expressed as follows:

    P=K.sub.2 +(K.sub.3 *Clk)

where P is power in watts, K₂ is a constant in watts, K₃ is a constant and expresses the number of watt-second/cycle, and Clk equals the cycles/second of the CPU clock. Thus it can also be said that the amount of power being consumed at any given time increases as the CPU clock frequency increases.

Assume that a given time period T is divided into N intervals such that the power P is constant during each interval. Then the amount of energy E expended during T is given by:

    E=P(1)delta T.sub.1 +P(2)delta T2 . . . P(N)delta T.sub.N

Further assume that the CPU clock "CLK" has only two states, either "ON" or "OFF". For the purposes of this discussion, the "ON" state represents the CPU clock at its maximum frequency, while the "OFF" state represents the minimum clock rate at which the CPU can operate (this may be zero for CPUs that can have their clocks stopped). For the condition in which the CPU clock is always "ON", each P(i) in the previous equation is equal and the total energy is:

    E(max)=P(on)*(delta T.sub.1 +delta T2 . . . delta T.sub.N)=P(on)*T

This represents the maximum power consumption of the computer in which no power conservation measures are being used. If the CPU clock is "off" during a portion of the intervals, then there are two power levels possible for each interval. The P(on) represents the power being consumed when the clock is in its "ON" state, while P(off) represents the power being used when the clock is "OFF". If all of the time intervals in which the clock is "ON" are summed into the quantity "T(on)" and the "OFF" intervals are summed into "T(off)", then it follows:

    T=T(on)+T(off)

Now the energy being used during period T can be written:

    E=[P(on)*T(on)]+[P(off)*T(off)]

Under these conditions, the total energy consumed may be reduced by increasing the time intervals T(off). Thus, by controlling the periods of time the clock is in its "OFF" state, the amount of energy being used may be reduced. If the T(off) period is divided into a large number of intervals during the period T, then as the width of each interval goes to zero, energy consumption is at a maximum. Conversely, as the width of the T(off) intervals increase, the energy consumed decreases.

If the "OFF" intervals are arranged to coincide with periods during which the CPU is normally inactive, then the user cannot perceive any reduction in performance and overall energy consumption is reduced from the E(max) state. In order to align the T(off) intervals with periods of CPU inactivity, the CPU activity and temperature levels are used to determine the width of the T(off) intervals in a closed loop. FIG. 1 depicts such a closed loop. The activity level of the CPU is determined at Step 10. If this level is a decrease over an immediately previous determination (Step 22), the present invention increases the T(off) interval (Step 20) and returns to determine the activity level of the CPU again. If, on the other hand, this activity level is an increase over an immediately previous determination (Step 22), a determination is made as to whether or not the temperature of the CPU is a concern (Step 24). If CPU temperature is not a concern, the present invention decreases the T(off) interval (Step 30) and proceeds to again determine the activity level of the CPU. If, on the other hand, CPU temperature is a concern, a determination is made as to whether or not the CPU is processing critical I/O, a critical function or a critical real-time event (Step 26). If critical I/O or critical function or a critical real-time event are being processed, the present invention decreases the T(off) interval (Step 30) and proceeds to again determine the activity level of the CPU. If no critical I/O is being processed, the present invention increases the T(off) interval (Step 20) and proceeds again to determine the activity level of the CPU. Thus the T(off) intervals are constantly being adjusted to match the system activity level and control the temperature level of the CPU.

Management of CPU temperature (thermal management) is necessary because CPUs are designed to operate within a specific temperature range. CPU performance and speed deteriorates when the specified high operating temperature of a CPU is exceeded (especially in CMOS process CPUs where temperatures above the high operating temperature translate into slower CPU speed). The heat output of a CPU is directly related to the power consumed by the CPU and heat it absorbs from devices and circuitry that immediately surround it. CPU power consumption increases with CPU clock speed and the number of instructions per second to be performed by the CPU. As a result, heat related problems are becoming more common as faster and increasingly complex CPUs are introduced and incorporated into electronic devices.

In any operating system, two key logic points exist: an IDLE, or "do nothing", loop within the operating system and an operating system request channel, usually available for services needed by the application software. By placing logic inline with these logic points, the type of activity request made by an application software can be evaluated, power conservation and thermal management can be activated and slice periods determined. A slice period is the number of T(on) vs. T(off) intervals over time, computed by the CPU activity and thermal levels. An assumption may be made to determine CPU activity level: Software programs that need service usually need additional services and the period of time between service requests can be used to determine the activity level of any application software running on the computer and to provide slice counts for power conservation according to the present invention. Another assumption that may be made is that each CPU has a temperature coefficient unique to that CPU--CPU temperature rise time, CPU maximum operating temperature, CPU temperature fall time and intervention time required for thermal control. If this information is not provided by the CPU manufacturer, testing of the CPU being used (or another of the same make and type tested under similar conditions) is required to obtain accurate information.

Once the CPU is interrupted during a power conservation and thermal management slice (T(off)), the CPU will save the interrupted routine's state prior to vectoring to the interrupt software. Off course, since the power conservation and thermal management software was operating during this slice, control will be returned to the active power conservation and thermal management loop (monitor 40) which simply monitors the CPU's clock to determine an exit condition for the power conservation and thermal management mode thereby exiting from T(off) to T(on) state. The interval of the next power conservation and thermal management state is adjusted by the activity level monitor, as discussed above in connection with FIG. 1. Some implementations can create an automatic exit from T(off) by the hardware logic, thereby forcing the power conservation and thermal management loop to be exited automatically and executing an interval T(on).

More specifically, looking now at FIGS. 2a-2d, which depict the active power conservation and thermal management monitor 40 of the present invention. The CPU installs monitor 40 either via a program stored in the CPU ROM or loads it from an external device storing the program in RAM. Once the CPU has loaded monitor 40, it continues to INIT 50 for system interrupt initialization, user configurational setup, and system/application specific initialization. IDLE branch 60 (more specifically set out in FIG. 2b) is executed by a hardware or software interrupt for an IDLE or "do nothing" function. This type of interrupt is caused by the CPU entering either an IDLE or a "do nothing" function (i.e., planned inactivity). The ACTIVITY branch 70 of the flow chart, more fully described below in relation to FIG. 2d, is executed by a software or hardware interrupt due to an operating system or I/O service request, by an application program or internal operating system function. An I/O service request made by a program may for example, be a disk I/O, read, print, load, etc. Regardless of the branch selected, control is eventually returned to the CPU operating system at RETURN 80. The INIT branch 50 of this flowchart, shown in FIG. 2a, is executed only once if it is loaded via program into ROM or is executed every time during power up if it is loaded from an external device and stored in the RAM. Once this branch of active power and thermal management monitor 40 has been fully executed, whenever control is yielded from the operating system to the power conservation and thermal management mode, either IDLE 60 or ACTIVITY 70 branches are selected depending on the type of CPU activity: IDLE branch 60 for power conservation and thermal management during planned inactivity and ACTIVITY branch 70 for power conservation and thermal management during CPU activity.

Looking more closely at INIT branch 50, after all system interrupt and variables are initialized, the routine continues at Step 90 to set the Power₋₋ level equal to DEFAULT₋₋ LEVEL. In operating systems where the user has input control for the Power₋₋ level, the program at Step 100 checks to see if a User₋₋ level has been selected. If the User₋₋ level is less than zero or greater than the MAXIMUM₋₋ LEVEL, the system uses the DEFAULT₋₋ LEVEL. Otherwise, it continues onto Step 110 where it modifies the Power₋₋ level to equal the User₋₋ level.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the system at Step 120 sets the variable Idle₋₋ tick to zero and the variable Activity₋₋ tick to zero. Under an MS/DOS implementation. Idle₋₋ tick refers to the number of interrupts found in a "do nothing" loop. Activity₋₋ tick refers to the number of interrupts caused by an activity interrupt which in turn determines the CPU activity level. Tick count represents a delta time for the next interrupt. Idle₋₋ tick is a constant delta time from one tick to another (interrupt) unless overwritten by a software interrupt. A software interrupt may reprogram delta time between interrupts.

After setting the variables to zero, the routine continues on to Setup 130 at which time any application specific configuration fine-tuning is handled in terms of system-specific details and the system is initialized. Next the routine arms the interrupt I/O (Step 140) with instructions to the hardware indicating the hardware can take control at the next interrupt. INIT branch 50 then exits to the operating system, or whatever called the active power and thermal management monitor originally, at RETURN 80.

Consider now IDLE branch 60 of active power and thermal management monitor 40, more fully described at FIG. 2b. In response to a planned inactivity of the CPU, monitor 40 (not specifically shown in this Figure) checks to see if entry into IDLE branch 60 is permitted by first determining whether the activity interrupt is currently busy. If Busy₋₋ A equals BUSY₋₋ FLAG (Step 150), which is a reentry flag, the CPU is busy and cannot now be put to sleep. Therefore, monitor 40 immediately proceeds to RETURN I 160 and exits the routine. RETURN I 160 is an indirect vector to the previous operating system IDLE vector interrupt for normal processing stored before entering monitor 40. (I.e., this causes an interrupt return to the last chained vector.)

If the Busy₋₋ A interrupt flag is not busy, then monitor 40 checks to see if the Busy₋₋ Idle interrupt flag, Busy₋₋ I, equals BUSY₋₋ FLAG (Step 170). If so, this indicates the system is already in IDLE branch 60 of monitor 40 and therefore the system should not interrupt itself. If Busy₋₋ I =BUSY₋₋ FLAG, the system exits the routine at RETURN₋₋ I indirect vector 160.

If, however, neither the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag or the Busy₋₋ I reentry flag have been set, the routine sets the Busy₋₋ I flag at Step 180 for reentry protection (Busy₋₋ I=BUSY₋₋ FLAG). At Step 190 Idle₋₋ tick is incremented by one. Idle₋₋ tick is the number of T(on) before a T(off) interval and is determined from IDLE interrupts, setup interrupts and from CPU activity and temperature levels. Idle₋₋ tick increments by one to allow for smoothing of events, thereby letting a critical I/O activity control smoothing.

At Step 200 monitor 40 checks to see if Idle₋₋ tick equals IDLE₋₋ MAXTICKS. IDLE₋₋ MAXTICKS is one of the constants initialized in Setup 130 of INIT branch 50, remains constant for a system, and is responsible for self-tuning of the activity and thermal levels. If Idle₋₋ tick does not equal IDLE₋₋ MAXTICKS, the Busy₋₋ I flag is cleared at Step 210 and exits the loop proceeding to the RETURN I indirect vector 160. If, however, Idle₋₋ tick equals IDLE₋₋ MAXTICKS, Idle₋₋ tick is set equal to IDLE₋₋ START₋₋ TICKS (Step 220). IDLE₋₋ START₋₋ TICKS is a constant which may or may not be zero (depending on whether the particular CPU can have its clock stopped). This step determines the self-tuning of how often the rest of the sleep functions may be performed. By setting IDLE₋₋ START₋₋ TICKS equal to IDLE₋₋ MAXTICKS minus one, a continuous T(off) interval is achieved. At Step 230, the Power₋₋ level is checked. If it is equal to zero, the monitor clears the Busy₋₋ I flag (Step 210), exits the routine at RETURN I 160, and returns control to the operating system so it may continue what it was originally doing before it entered active power monitor 40.

If, however, the Power₋₋ level does not equal zero at Step 240, the routine determines whether an interrupt mask is in place. An interrupt mask is set by the system/application software, and determines whether interrupts are available to monitor 40. If interrupts are NOT₋₋ AVAILABLE, the Busy₋₋ I reentry flag is cleared and control is returned to the operating system to continue what it was doing before it entered monitor 40. Operating systems, as well as application software, can set T(on) interval to yield a continuous T(on) state by setting the interrupt mask equal to NOT₋₋ AVAILABLE.

Assuming an interrupt is AVAILABLE, monitor 40 proceeds to the SAVE POWER subroutine 250 which is fully executed during one T(off) period established by the hardware state. (For example, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the longest possible interval could be 18 ms, which is the longest time between two ticks or interrupts from the real-time clock.) During the SAVE POWER subroutine 250, the CPU clock is stepped down to a sleep clock level.

Once a critical I/O operation forces the T(on) intervals, the IDLE branch 60 interrupt tends to remain ready for additional critical I/O requests. As the CPU becomes busy with critical I/O, less T(off) intervals are available. Conversely, as critical I/O requests decrease, and the time intervals between them increase, more T(off) intervals are available. IDLE branch 60 is a self-tuning system based on feedback from CPU activity and temperature interrupts and tends to provide more T(off) intervals as the activity level slows as long as CPU temperature is not a concern. As soon as monitor 40 has completed SAVE POWER subroutine 250, shown in FIG. 2c and more fully described below, the Busy₋₋ I reentry flag is cleared (Step 210) and control is returned at RETURN I 160 to whatever operating system originally requested monitor 40.

Consider now FIG. 2c, which is a flowchart depicting the SAVE POWER subroutine 250. Monitor 40 determines what the I/O hardware high speed clock is at Step 260. It sets the CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE equal to the relevant high speed clock and saves this value to be used for CPUs with multiple level high speed clocks. Thus, if a particular CPU has 12 MHz and 6 MHz high speed clocks, monitor 40 must determine which high speed clock the CPU is at before monitor 40 reduces power so it may reestablish the CPU at the proper high speed clock when the CPU awakens. At Step 270, the Save₋₋ clock₋₋ rate is set equal to the CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE determined. Save₋₋ clock₋₋ rate 270 is not used when there is only one high speed clock for the CPU. Monitor 40 now continues to SLEEPCLOCK 280, where a pulse is sent to the hardware selector (shown in FIG. 3) to put the CPU clock to sleep (i.e., lower or stop its clock frequency). The I/O port hardware sleep clock is at much lower oscillations than the CPU clock normally employed.

At this point either of two events can happen. A system/application interrupt may occur or a real-time clock interrupt may occur. If a system/application interrupt 290 occurs, monitor 40 proceeds to interrupt routine 300, processing the interrupt as soon as possible, arming interrupt I/O at Step 310, and returning to determine whether there has been an interrupt (Step 320). Since in this case there has been an interrupt, the Save₋₋ clock₋₋ rate is used (Step 330) to determine which high speed clock to return the CPU to and SAVE POWER subroutine 250 is exited at RETURN 340. If, however, a system/application interrupt is not received, the SAVE POWER subroutine 250 will continue to wait until a real-time clock interrupt has occurred (Step 320). Once such an interrupt has occurred, SAVE POWER subroutine 250 will continue to wait until a real-time clock interrupt has occurred (Step 320). Once such an interrupt has occurred, SAVEPOWER subroutine 250 will execute interrupt loop 320 several times. If however, control is passed when the sleep clock rate was zero, in other words, there was no clock, the SAVE POWER subroutine 250 will execute interrupt loop 320 once before returning the CPU clock to the Save₋₋ clock₋₋ rate 330 and exiting (Step(340)).

Consider now FIG. 2d which is a flowchart showing ACTIVITY branch 70 triggered by an application/system activity request via an operating system service request interrupt. ACTIVITY branch 70 begins with reentry protection. Monitor 40 determines at Step 350 whether Busy₋₋ I has been set to BUSY₋₋ FLAG. If it has, this means the system is already in ACTIVITY branch 70 and cannot be interrupted. If Busy₋₋ I=BUSY₋₋ FLAG, monitor 40 exits to RETURN I 160, which is an indirect vector to an old activity vector interrupt for normal processing, via an interrupt vector after the operating system performs the requested service.

If however, the Busy₋₋ I flag does not equal BUSY₋₋ FLAG, which means ACTIVITY branch 70 is not being accessed, monitor 40 determines at Step 360 if the BUSY₋₋ A flag has been set equal to BUSY₋₋ FLAG. If so, control will be returned to the system at this point because ACTIVITY branch 70 is already being used and cannot be interrupted. If the Busy₋₋ A flag has not been set, in other words, Busy₋₋ A does not equal BUSY₋₋ FLAG, monitor 40 sets Busy₋₋ A equal to BUSY₋₋ FLAG at Step 370 so as not to be interrupted during execution of ACTIVITY branch 70. At Step 380 the Power₋₋ level is determined. If Power₋₋ level equals zero, monitor 40 exits ACTIVITY branch 70 after clearing the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390). If however, the Power₋₋ level does not equal zero, the CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE of the I/O hardware is next determined. As was true with Step 270 of FIG. 2C, Step 400 of FIG. 2d uses the CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE if there are multiple level high speed clocks for a given CPU. Otherwise, CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE always equals the CPU high speed clock. After the CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE is determined (step 400), at Step 410 Idle₋₋ tick is set equal to the constant START₋₋ TICKS established for the previously determined CURRENT₋₋ CLOCK₋₋ RATE. T(off) intervals are established based on the current high speed clock that is active.

Monitor 40 next determines that a request has been made. A request is an input by the application software running on the computer, for a particular type of service needed. At Step 420, monitor 40 determines whether the request is a CRITICAL I/O. If the request is a CRITICAL I/O, it will continuously force T(on) to lengthen until the T(on) is greater than the T(off), and monitor 40 will exit ACTIVITY branch 70 after clearing the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390). If, on the other hand, the request is not a CRITICAL I/O, then the Activity₋₋ tick is incremented by one at Step 430. It is then determined at Step 440 whether the Activity₋₋ tick now equals ACTIVITY₋₋ MAXTICKS. Step 440 allows a smoothing from a CRITICAL I/O, and makes the system ready from another CRITICAL I/O during Activity₋₋ tick T(on) intervals. Assuming Activity₋₋ tick does not equal ACTIVITY₋₋ MAXTICKS, ACTIVITY branch 70 is exited after clearing the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390). If, on the other hand, the Activity₋₋ tick equals constant ACTIVITY₋₋ MAXTICKS, at Step 450 Activity₋₋ tick is set to the constant LEVEL₋₋ MAXTICKS established for the particular Power₋₋ level determined at Step 380.

Now monitor 40 determines whether an interrupt mask exists (Step 460). An interrupt mask is set by system/application software. Setting it to NOT₋₋ AVAILABLE creates a continuous T(on) state. If the interrupt mask equals NOT₋₋ AVAILABLE, there are no interrupts available at this time and monitor 40 exits ACTIVITY branch 70 after clearing the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390). If, however, an interrupt is AVAILABLE, monitor 40 determines at Step 470 whether the request identified at Step 420 was for a SLOW I/O₋₋ INTERRUPT. Slow I/O requests may have a delay until the I/O device becomes "ready". During the "make ready" operation, a continuous T(off) interval may be set up and executed to conserve power. Thus, if the request is not a SLOW I/O₋₋ INTERRUPT, ACTIVITY branch 70 is exited after clearing the Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390). If, however, the request is a SLOW I/O₋₋ INTERRUPT, and time yet exists before the I/O device becomes "ready", monitor 40 then determines at Step 480 whether the I/O request is COMPLETE (i.e., is I/O device ready?). If the I/O device is not ready, monitor 40 forces T(off) to lengthen, thereby forcing the CPU to wait, or sleep, until the SLOW I/O device is ready. At this point it has time to save power and ACTIVITY branch 70 enters SAVE POWER subroutine 250 previously described in connection with to FIG. 2C. If, however, the I/O request is COMPLETE, control is returned to the operating system subsequently to monitor 40 exiting ACTIVITY branch 70 after clearing Busy₋₋ A reentry flag (Step 390).

Self-tuning is inherent within the control system of continuous feedback loops. The software of the present invention can detect when CPU activity is low and/or CPU temperature is high enough to be of concern and therefore when the power conservation and thermal management aspect of the present invention may be activated. To detect when CPU temperature is high enough to be of concern, the power and thermal management software monitors a thermistor on the PWB board adjacent the CPU (or mounted directly on or in the CPU if the CPU includes a thermistor). In one embodiment of the present invention, the software monitors the thermistor 18 times/sec through an A/D converter. If no power is being conserved and the temperature of the thermistor is within acceptable parameters, then monitoring continues at the same rate. If, however, the temperature of the thermistor is rising, a semaphore is set to tell the system to start watching CPU temperature for possible thermal management action. Each CPU has a temperature coefficient unique to that specific CPU. Information on how long it takes to raise the temperature and at what point intervention must occur to prevent performance degradation must be derived from information supplied with the CPU or through testing.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a counter is set in hardware to give an ad hoc interrupt (counter is based on coefficient of temperature rise). The thermal management system must know how long it takes CPU temperature to go down to minimize temperature effect. If the counter is counting down and receives an active power interrupt, the ad hoc interrupt is turned off because control has been regained through the active power and thermal management. The result is unperceived operational power savings. The ad hoc interrupt can be overridden or modified by the active power interrupt which checks the type gradient i.e., up or down, checks the count and can adjust the up count and down count ad hoc operation based on what the CPU is doing real time. If there are no real time interrupts, then the timer interval continually comes in and monitors the gradual rise in temperature and it will adjust the ad hoc counter as it needs it up or down. The result is dynamic feedback from the active power and thermal management into the ad hoc timer, adjusting it to the dynamic adjustment based on what the temperature rise or fall is at any given time and how long it takes for that temperature to fall off or rise through the danger point. This is a different concept that just throwing a timer out ad hoc and letting it run.

For example, assume that the CPU being used has a maximum safe operating temperature of 95 degrees C (obtained from the CPU spec sheet or from actual testing). Assume also that a thermistor is located adjacent the CPU and that when the CPU case is at 95 degrees C, the temperature of the thermistor may be lower since it is spaced a distance from the CPU (such as 57 degrees C). A determination should be made as to how long it took the CPU to reach 95 degrees. If it took an hour, the system may decide to sample the thermistor every 45 minutes. Once the CPU is at 95 degrees, CPU temperature may need to be sampled every minute to make sure the temperature is going down, otherwise, the temperature might go up, i.e., to 96 degrees. If 5 minutes are required to raise CPU temperature from 95 to 96 degrees, CPU temperature sampling must be at a period less than 5 minutes--i.e., every 3 or 1 minutes. If the temperature is not going down, then the length of the rest cycles should be increased. Continual evaluation of the thermal read constant is key to knowing when CPU temperature is becoming a problem, when thermal management intervention is appropriate and how much time can be allowed for other things in the system. This decision must be made before the target temperature is reached. Once CPU temperature starts to lower, it is O.K. to go back to the regular thermal constant number because 1) you have selected the right slice period, or 2) the active power portion of the active power and thermal management has taken over, so the sampling rate can be reduced.

Examples of source code that can be stored in the CPU ROM or in an external RAM device, according to one embodiment of the invention, are listed in the COMPUTER PROGRAMS LISTING section under: 1) Interrupt 8 Timer interrupt service--listed on pages₋₋ to ₋₋ ; 2) CPU Sleep Routine--listed on pages ₋₋ to ₋₋ ; 3) FILEFORCE5.ASM--listed on pages ₋₋ to ₋₋ ; and 4) FILE=Thermal.EQU--listed on pages ₋₋ to ₋₋.

Utilizing the above listed source code, and assuming that Interrupt 8 Timer interrupt service is the interrupt mask called at Step 240 of IDLE loop 60 or at Step 460 of ACTIVITY loop 70, the procedure for thermal management is set up "Do Thermal Management if needed" after which the system must decide if there is time for thermal management "Time for Thermal Management?". If there is time for thermal management, the system calls the file "force₋₋ sleep" if there is time to sleep (which also sleeps any device receiving the same clock signal and which device is coupled to a PCI bus coupled to the CPU), or alternatively, could do a STI nop and a halt--which is an alternate way and does not get PCI devices and does not have a feedback loop from the power and temperature management systems. The "force₋₋ sleep" file gets feedback from other power systems. Force₋₋ sleep does a jump to force5.asm, which is the PCI multiple sleep program. Are there speakers busy in the system? Is there something else in the system going on from a power management point of view? Are DMAs running in the system? Sleeping may not be desirable during a sound cycle. It needs to know what is going on in the system to do an intelligent sleep. The thermal management cares about the CPU and cares about all the other devices out there because collectively they all generate heat.

There are some equations in the program that are running--others that may or may not be running. "tk" is the number of interrupts per second that are sampled times the interval that is sampled over. "it" represents a thermal read constant and the thermal read constant in the present embodiment is 5. In the code, the thermal read constant is dynamically adjusted later depending on what the temperature is. Thus, this is the starting thermal read interval, but as the temperature rises, reading should be more often and the cooler it is, reading should be less often than 5 minutes--e.g., 10 minutes. The thermal read constant will adjust. TP1 or TP2 represents what percentage of the CPU cycles we want to sample at--for example, TP7 set at 50=the number of interrupts that have to occur over some period of time such that if we take that number that going to represent every so many clock cycles that go by before we sample and sleep the CPU. These equations are variable. Other equations can also be used.

Thus, one concept of the present invention is that there are various levels of temperature that require testing in relationship to the hottest point to be managed. The sample period will change depending upon temperature and active feedback. Active feedback may be required even though thermal management has determined that the CPU temperature is too high and should be reduced (by slowing or stopping the CPU clock). CPU clock speed may not be reduced because other system things are happening--the result is intelligent feedback. The power conservation and thermal management systems asks the CPU questions such as are you doing something now that I cannot go do? If not, please sleep. If yes, don't sleep and come back to me so that I can reset my count. The result is a graduated effect up and graduated effect down and the thermal read constant time period adjusts itself in response to CPU temperature. Performance taken away from the user during power conservation and thermal management control is balanced against critical I/O going on in the system.

Thermal management cooperates with active power management so that when active power management gets a chance to take over the active feedback can start degrading even though the temperature has not. Existing thermal management systems turn on and stay on until the temperature goes down. Unfortunately, this preempts things in the system. Such is not the case in the environment of the present invention. The same sleep manager works in conjunction with power conservation and thermal management--the sleep manager has global control. As a example, while CPU temperature may be rising or have risen to a level of concern, the system may be processing critical I/O, such as a wave file being played. With critical I/O, the system of the present invention will play the wave file without interruption even though the result may be a higher CPU temperature. CPUs do not typically overheat all at once. There is a temperature rise gradient. The system of the present invention takes advantage of the temperature rise gradient to give a user things that affect the user time slices and take it away from him when its not affected.

Thermal management can be also be achieved using a prediction mode. Prediction mode utilizes no sensors or thermistors or even knowledge as to actual CPU temperature. Prediction mode uses a guess--i.e. that the system will need the ad hoc interrupt once every 5 seconds or 50 times/second (=constant) and then can take it up or down based on what the system is doing with the active power and thermal management. The prediction theory can also be combined with actual CPU temperature monitoring.

Once the power conservation and thermal management monitor is activated, a prompt return to full speed CPU clock operation within the interval is achieved so as to not degrade the performance of the computer. To achieve this prompt return to full speed CPU clock operation, the preferred embodiment of the present invention employs some associated hardware.

Looking now at FIG. 3 which shows a simplified schematic diagram representing the associated hardware employed by the present invention for active power conservation and thermal management. When monitor 40 (not shown) determines the CPU is ready to sleep, it writes to an I/O port (not shown) which causes a pulse on the SLEEP line. The rising edge of this pulse on the SLEEP line causes flip flop 500 to clock a high to Q and a low to Q₋₋. This causes the AND/OR logic (AND gates 510, 520, OR gate 530) to select the pulses travelling the SLEEP CLOCK line from SLEEP CLOCK oscillator 540 to be sent to and used by the CPU CLOCK. SLEEP CLOCK oscillator 540 is a slower clock than the CPU clock used during normal CPU activity. The high coming from the Q of flip flop 500 ANDed (510) with the pulses coming from SLEEP CLOCK oscillator 540 is ORed (530) with the result of the low on the Q₋₋ of flip flop 500 ANDed (520) with the pulse generated along the HIGH SPEED CLOCK line by the HIGH SPEED CLOCK oscillator 550 to yield the CPU CLOCK. When the I/O port designates SLEEP CLOCK, the CPU CLOCK is then equal to the SLEEP CLOCK oscillator 540 value. If, on the other hand, an interrupt occurs, an interrupt--value clears flip flop 500, thereby forcing the AND/OR selector (comprising 510, 520 and 530) to choose the HIGH SPEED CLOCK value, and returns the CPU CLOCK value to the value coming from HIGH SPEED CLOCK oscillator 550. Therefore, during any power conservation and/or thermal management operation on the CPU, the detection of any interrupt within the system will restore the CPU operation at full clock rate prior to vectoring and processing the interrupt.

It should be noted that the associated hardware needed, external to each of the CPUs for any given system, may be different based on the operating system used, whether the CPU can be stopped, etc. Nevertheless, the scope of the present invention should not be limited by possible system specific modifications needed to permit the present invention to actively conserve power and manage CPU temperature in the numerous available portable computer systems. For example two actual implementations are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, discussed below.

Many VSLI designs today allow for clock switching of the CPU speed. The logic to switch from a null clock or slow clock to a fast clock logic is the same as that which allows the user to change speeds by a keyboard command. The added logic of monitor 40 working with such switching logic, causes an immediate return to a fast clock upon detection of any interrupt. This simple logic is the key to the necessary hardware support to interrupt the CPU and thereby allow the processing of the interrupt at full speed.

The method to reduce power consumption under MS-DOS employs the MS-DOS IDLE loop trap to gain access to the "do nothing" loop. The IDLE loop provides special access to application software and operating system operations that are in a state of IDLE of low activity. Careful examination is required to determine the activity level at any given point within the system. Feedback loops are used from the interrupt 21H service request to determine the activity level. The prediction of activity level is determined by interrupt 21H requests, from which the present invention thereby sets the slice periods for "sleeping" (slowing down or stopping) the CPU. An additional feature allows the user to modify the slice depending on the activity level of interrupt 21H. The method to produce power conservation under WINDOWS employs real and protect modes to save the power interrupt which is called by the operating system each time WINDOWS has nothing to do.

Looking now at FIG. 4, which depicts a schematic of an actual sleep hardware implementation for a system such as the Intel 80386 (CPU cannot have its clock stopped). Address enable bus 600 and address bus 610 provide CPU input to demultiplexer 620. The output of demultiplexer 620 is sent along SLEEPCS- and provided as input to OR gates 630, 640. The other inputs to OR gates 630, 640 are the I/O write control line and the I/O read control line, respectively. The outputs of these gates, in addition to NOR gate 650, are applied to D flip flop 660 to decode the port. "INTR" is the interrupt input from the I/O port (peripherals) into NOR gate 650, which causes the logic hardware to switch back to the high speed clock. The output of flip flop 660 is then fed, along with the output from OR gate 630, to tristate buffer 670 to enable it to read back what is on the port. Al of the above-identified hardware is used by the read/write I/O port (peripherals) to select the power saving "Sleep" operation. The output "SLOW₋₋ " is equivalent to "SLEEP" in FIG. 2, and is inputted to flip flop 680, discussed later.

The output of SLEEP CLOCK oscillator 690 is divided into two slower clocks by D flip flops 700, 710. In the particular implementation shown in FIG. 4, 16 MHz sleep clock oscillator 690 is divided into 4 MHz and 8 MHz clocks. Jumper J1 selects which clock is to be the "SLEEP CLOCK".

In this particular implementation, high speed clock oscillator 720 is a 32 MHz oscillator, although this particular speed is not a requirement of the present invention. The 32 MHz oscillator is put in series with a resistor (for the implementation shown, 33 ohms), which is in series with two parallel capacitors (10 pF). The result of such oscillations is tied to the clocks of D flip flops 730, 740.

D flip flops 680, 730, 740 are synchronizing flip flops; 680, 730 were not shown in the simplified sleep hardware of FIG. 2. These flip flops are used to ensure the clock switch occurs only on clock edge. As can be seen in FIG. 4, as with flip flop 500 of FIG. 2, the output of flip flop 740 either activates OR gate 750 or OR gate 760, depending upon whether the CPU is to sleep ("FASTEN₋₋ ") or awaken ("SLOWEN₋₋ ").

OR gates 750, 760 and AND gate 770 are the functional equivalents to the AND/OR selector of FIG. 2. They are responsible for selecting either the "slowclk" (slow clock, also known as SLEEP CLOCK) or high speed clock (designated as 32 MHz on the incoming line). In this implementation, the Slow clock is either 4 MHz or 8 MHz, depending upon jumper J1, and the high speed clock is 32 MHz. The output of AND gate 770 (ATUCLK) establishes the rate of the CPU clock, and is the equivalent of CPU CLOCK of FIG. 2. (If the device includes a PCI bus, the output of AND gate 770 may also be coupled to the PCI bus if it is to utilize the clock signal.)

Consider now FIG. 5, which depicts a schematic of another actual sleep hardware implementation for a system such as the Intel 80286 (CPU can have its clock stopped). The Western Digital FE3600 VLSI is used for the speed switching with a special external PAL 780 to control the interrupt gating which wakes up the CPU on any interrupt. The software power conservation according to the present invention monitors the interrupt acceptance, activating the next P(i)deltaTi interval after the interrupt.

Any interrupt request to the CPU will return the system to normal operation. An interrupt request ("INTRQ") to the CPU will cause the PAL to issue a Wake Up signal on the RESCPU line to the FE3001 (not shown) which in turn enables the CPU and the DMA clocks to bring the system back to its normal state. This is the equivalent of the "INterrupt₋₋ " of FIG. 2. Interrupt Request is synchronized to avoid confusing the state machine so that Interrupt (INT-DET) will only be detected while the cycle is active. The rising edge of RESCPU will wake up the FE 3001 which in turn releases the whole system from the Sleep Mode.

Implementation for the 386SX is different only in the external hardware and software power conservation loop. The software loop will set external hardware to switch to the high speed clock on interrupt prior to vectoring the interrupt. Once return is made to the power conservation software, the high speed clock cycle will be detected and the hardware will be reset for full clock operation.

Implementation for OS/2 uses the "do nothing" loop programmed as a THREAD running in background operation with low priority. Once the THREAD is activated, the CPU sleep, or low speed clock, operation will be activated until an interrupt occurs thereby placing the CPU back to the original clock rate.

Although interrupts have been employed to wake up the CPU in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be realized that any periodic activity within the system, or applied to the system, could also be used for the same function.

While several implementations of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, various modifications and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.

COMPUTER PROGRAMS LISTING

1) Interrupt 8 Timer interrupt service--pages 27 to 32. Interrupt 8 Timer interrupt service is loaded onto the CPU ROM or an external RAM and is an interrupt mask that may be called at Step 240 of IDLE loop 60 or at Step 460 of ACTIVITY loop 70.

2) CPU Sleep Routine--page 33. CPU Sleep Routine is loaded onto the CPU ROM or an external RAM and is a file that may be called at Step 250 of IDLE loop 60 or ACTIVITY loop 70.

3) FILE=FORCE5.ASM--pages 34 to 38. FILE=FORCESASM is a PCI multiple sleep program that is loaded onto the CPU ROM or an external RAM and is a file that may be called at Step 250 of IDLE loop 60 or ACTIVITY loop 70.

4) FILE=Thermal.EQU--listed on page 39. FILE=Thermal.EQU is loaded onto the CPU ROM or an external RAM and is a file that may be called at STEP 240 of IDLE loop 60 or at Step 460 of ACTIVITY loop 70.

    __________________________________________________________________________     ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     -----------------------------------------------                                ;  Interrupt 8 Timer interrupt service routine.                                ;                                                                              ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     -----------------------------------------------                                ;                                                                              ;    Note the following two labels and relationship to each other can          ;      not change. They are in fact a dword for vectoring to                   ;      the default TIMER code at intercept interrupt.                          ;                                                                              ipc.sub.-- timer                                                                       dw 0         ; ipc vector/dos idle loop on interrupt                   seg.sub.-- timer                                                                       dw 0         ; segment vector/dos idle loop on inter                   ;                                                                              INCLUDE ..\equ\BA.EQU                                      INCLUDE ..\equ\Thermal.equ                                 INCLUDE ..\asm\BADATA.ASM                                  ;========================================================================      ; TIMERINT intercepts and handles the timer tick interrupt 8h                  ;                                                                              ;  Note that this routine is executed once per timer tick, but the             ;  updating of time is only done once per minute. This should make             ;  it virtually non-noticable as far as power consumption goes.                ;                                                                              ;  Also, the UPDATE.sub.-- IN.sub.-- PROGRESS bits are stored in here          ;                                                                              ;========================================================================      ;                                                                              ;   Read AC Port Operations                                                    ;                                                                              ;   BATTERY.sub.-- TEST                                                        ;   je  ba.sub.-- on.sub.-- battery                                            ;   inc word ptr cs:CurrentSystemChargeTime                                    ;   jmp short DoLowPowerTimes                                                  ;                                                                              ;ba.sub.-- on.sub.-- battery:                                                  ;DoLowPowerTimes:                                                              ;                                                                              ; Do the Low Power Times                                                       ;                                                                              ;                                                                              ;   BATTERY.sub.-- TEST                                                        ;                                                                              ;   test                                                                               al, LOW.sub.-- BATTERY.sub.-- BIT                                                           ; Find out if low Battery?                                ;   jz  Battery.sub.-- Is.sub.-- Low.sub.-- Port                                                    ; yep                                                     ;   jmp Battery.sub.-- High.sub.-- Exit                                        ;========================================================================      timer.sub.-- interrupt proc  far                                               pushf                    ; protect the interrupted flags                       pusha                                                                          push    ds                                                                     push    es               ; [5.10.C7]                                           push    cs                                                                     pop     ds               ; [5.10.c7]                                           Is APM State ON?         ; [5.10.C]                                            APM.sub.-- STATE.sub.-- CMOS                                                                            ; Byte to hold APM Write Flag                         out     CMOS.sub.-- AD,al                                                                               ; Output it to CMOS                                   in      al,CMOS.sub.-- DT                                                                               ; and store it                                        ;                                                                              ;   Check Command Register                                                     ;                                                                              cmp     al,80h                                                                 jne     CheckAPMCommand1                                                       mov     byte ptr APMCommandCurrent,al                                                                   ; Debug locations                                     ;[6.02b]mov                                                                             power.sub.-- level,0                                                                           ; Take it way -- pure zero                            mov     al,8fh           ; Completed command                                   WriteAPMCommand:                                                               out     CMOS.sub.-- DT,al                                                                               ; New command                                         jmp     short APMCommandComplete                                               EnablePowerManagement:                                                         mov     byte ptr APMCommandCurrent,al                                                                   ; Debug locations                                     mov     al,00h           ; command completed                                   jmp     short WriteAPMCommand                                                  CheckAPMCommand1:                                                              cmp     al,81h                                                                 je      EnablePowerManagement                                                  cmp     al,88h                                                                 je      APMCommandComplete                                                                              ; Waiting on Clear                                    cmp     al,8fh                                                                 je      APMCommandComplete                                                                              ; Skip Power Saving APM                               mov     ah,al                                                                  xor     al,al                                                                  out     CMOS.sub.-- DT,al                                                                               ; Clear it                                            mov     al,ah            ; bump count                                          xor     ah,ah                                                                  add     apm.sub.-- tick.sub.-- count,ax                                                                 ; done                                                APMCommandComplete:                                                            ;                                                                              ;   Compute Interval                                                           ;                                                                              ComputeInterval:                                                               cmp     WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Second],0                                          dec     WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Second].0                                          jne     ComputeMinuteInterval                                                  mov     WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Second],SECOND.sub.-- RELOAD                       ComputeMinuteInterval:                                                         dec WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Minute]                                                                     ; one more tick passed, one                                                        ; tick closer to full minute                          cmp     WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Minute],0                                                                   ; reached minute yet ??                               je      NotTimerExit     ; yep, then update                                    jmp     timer.sub.-- exit                                                                               ; nope, keep waiting                                  NotTimerExit:                                                                  ;                                                                              ;   Do Thermal Management if needed                                            ;                                                                              dec     ThermalMinute                                                          cmp     ThermalMinute,0                                                        jne     SkipThermalThisPass                                                    mov     ThermalMinute,1  ; Error Condition on Read                             cmp     LilyKBBusy,0                                                           jne     SkipThermalThisPass                                                                             ; Look again in 1 minute                              cmp     TempLilyBusy,0                                                         jne     SkipThermalThisPass                                                                             ; Look again in 1 minute                              Call    TempLilyBattery                                                        mov     BATempDebug,al                                                         cmp     al,0ffh          ; Valid Temp                                          je      UsePreviousTemp  ; Nop                                                 mov     ThermalMinute,THERMALREAD                                                                       ; Yes, Reset Scan Value                               UsePreviousTemp:                                                               ;                                                                              ;   Set Override for TimerTick Return since we need slice on Temp?             ;                                                                              mov     al,TempLily      ; Get Value to use                                    cmp     al,TLEVEL0       ; Time to Kill Slice?                                 jl      T0ThermalSlice   ; Yep!                                                cmp     al,TLEVEL7       ; At Max?                                             jg      T7ThermalSlice   ; Yep, Jump on it!                                    cmp     al,TLEVEL1                                                             jl      T1ThermalSlice                                                         cmp     al,TLEVEL2                                                             jl      T2ThermalSlice                                                         cmp     al,TLEVEL3                                                             jl      T3ThermalSlice                                                         cmp     al,TLEVEL4                                                             jl      T4ThermalSlice                                                         cmp     al,TLEVEL5                                                             jl      T5ThermalSlice                                                         T6ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE6                                                   jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                  SkipThermalThisPass:                                                                     jmp OldNotTimerExit                                                  T5ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE5                                                   jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                  T4ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE4                                                   jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                  T3ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE3                                                                            ; Low to Mid range                                    jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                                           ; Done                                                T2ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE2                                                                            ; Low to Mid range                                    jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                                           ; Done                                                T1ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE1                                                                            ; Low to Mid range                                    jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                                           ; Done                                                T7ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE7                                                   jmp     short                                                                              ResetThermalSlice                                                                           ; Done                                                T0ThermalSlice:                                                                mov     ThermalSlice,TSLICE0                                                   ResetThermalSlice:                                                             mov     TimeThermalSlice,1                                                                              ; Will execute on this slice                          ;                                                                              ;   Fall                                                                               Thru for the rest of the story                                         ;                                                                              OldNotTimerExit:                                                               ;                                                                              ;   Setup for new number of ticks                                              ;                                                                              mov     WORD PTR [DC.sub.-- Minute],MINUTE.sub.-- RELOAD                       ;                                                                              ;   Need to test for Thermal Reading needed                                    ;                                                                              ;                                                                              ;   We must now update any change in Operational Status                        ;   Set up Base DS to BIOS RAM AREA                                            ;                                                                              mov     ax,DS40H                                                               mov     es,ax            ; [5.10.c7]                                           ;                                                                              ; One minute passed, so update current system parameters: Do the Power On        Times                                                                        ;                                                                              CLI                                                                            inc     SystemRunTime    ; bump up the number of min run                       ;                                                                              ;   Read AC Port Operations                                                    ;                                                                              BATTERY.sub.-- TEST                                                            jne     RunningOnAc                                                            inc     SystemTime       ; Time on Battery  [5.10.c3]                          jmp     RuningCurrentSystemBattery                                             RunningOnAc:                                                                   ;                                                                              ;   Caculate last usage on AC power                                            ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; Total run time this session                         mov     OldState,ch      ; [5.10.1]                                            jmp     CurrentACAll                                                           CurrentAcAll:                                                                  ;                                                                              ;   We are currently on AC; Was the Last Interrupt on AC?                      ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; ch = Flags for Current Session                      and     ch,SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                               cmp     ch,SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                                                        ; if equal last on battery                            jne     StillOnAC        ; Still on AC, we are okay.                           APM.sub.-- EVENT POWER.sub.-- STATUS.sub.-- CHANGE                                                      ; On Bat/ Tell APM                                    ;                                                                              ;   We must now recalcuate our parameters: Session Change                      ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; We are on AC, reset                                 mov     cl,0             ; Zero Out the Current Value                          and     ch,NOT SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                                                    ; Mask for AC oper                                    mov     SystemRunTime,cx ; Reset Session Status                                StillOnAC:               ; Need to reset/update Low Bat                        mov     BYTE PTR [Battery.sub.-- Is.sub.-- Low],  0                                                     ; No batt low                                         mov     BatteryLowRunTime,0                                                                             ; Number of minutes Low                               jmp     ExitBatteryInterrupt                                                                            ; Update CMOS and Exit                                ;                                                                              ;   Battery Operation CODE STARTS HERE                                         ;                                                                              RuningCurrentSystemBattery:                                                    ;                                                                              ;   Caculate last usage on Battery power                                       ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; Total run time this session                         mov     OldState,ch      ; [5.10.1]                                            jmp     CurrentBatteryAll                                                      CurrentBatteryAll:                                                             ;                                                                              ;   Have we noticed Low Battery yet?                                           ;                                                                              ;   We are currently on Battery; Was the Last Interrupt on Battery?            ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; ch = Flags for Current Session                      and     ch,SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                               cmp     ch,SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                                                        ; if equal last on battery                            je      ExitBatteryInterrupt                                                                            ; Still on Battery, we are okay                       APM.sub.-- EVENT POWER.sub.-- STATUS.sub.-- CHANGE                                                      ; On AC/ Tell APM                                     ;                                                                              ;   We must now recalcuate our parameters: Session Change                      ;                                                                              mov     cx,SystemRunTime ; We are on AC, reset                                 mov     cl,0             ; Zero Out the Current Value                          mov     SystemTime,0     ; Time on Battery [5.10.c3]                           or      ch,SESSION.sub.-- STATUS                                                                        ; Turn on Battery Operation                           and     ch,NOT AUTOFULLDOWNCOUNT                                                                        ; [5.10.23a]                                          mov     SystemRunTime,cx ; Reset Session Status                                ;                                                                              ;                                                                              ExitBatteryInterrupt:                                                          ;                                                                              ;   Save States                                                                ;                                                                              mov     SystemRunTime,cx                                                       timer.sub.-- exit:                                                             pop     es                                                                     pop     ds                                                                     popa                                                                           ;                                                                              ;   Time for Thermal Management?                                               ;                                                                              cmp     cs:ThermalSlice,TSLICE0                                                je      BAExitNow        ; Heat okay                                           dec     cs:TimeThermalSlice                                                    jne     BAExitNow        ; Not our time                                        ;                                                                              ;   Setup return former slice                                                  ;                                                                              popf                     ; Status                                              pushf                                                                          push    cs               ; My cs                                               push    offset                                                                             ThermalSuspend                                                                              ; My exit                                             jmp     short                                                                              BATransfer                                                         BAExitNow:                                                                     popf                                                                           BATransfer:                                                                    jmp     cs:dword ptr ipc.sub.-- timer                                                                  ; do other chained timer routines                      ThermalSlice                                                                               db TSLICE0                                                         TimeThermalSlice                                                                           db 0                                                               BATempdebug db 0AAh                                                            ThermalSuspend:                                                                pushf                                                                          push    ds                                                                     push    cs                                                                     pop     ds                                                                     pusha                                                                          mov     cx,1                                                                   BAOutsideHeatLoop:                                                             call    force.sub.-- sleep                                                     ;;;   sti                                                                      ;;;   nop                                                                      ;;;   hlt                                                                      loop    BAOutsideHeatLoop                                                      mov     al,ThermalSlice                                                        mov     TimeThermalSlice,al                                                    popa                                                                           pop     ds                                                                     popf                                                                           iret                                                                           timer.sub.-- interrupt                                                                     endp                                                               __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________     ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     -----------------------------------                                            ; CPU SLEEP ROUTINE. Maskable interrupts are disabled, caller must               enable                                                                       ;                                                                              ;   cx = number of force sleeps to execute                                     ;                                                                              INCLUDE ..\equ\SPEED.EQU                                   INCLUDE ..\equ\TIGER.EQU                                   INCLUDE ..\equ\PORTS.EQU                                   ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     -----------------------------------                                            ;=================================================================             ;**********************************************************************        ;**********************************************************************        INCLUDE ..\asm\DEBUGON.ASM                                 INCLUDE ..\asm\DEBUGOFF.ASM                                ;=================================================================             ;                                                                              force.sub.-- sleep                                                                     proc                                                                               near                                                               ;                                                                              ;   Here we are taking our turn of the cpu on this clock cycle                 ;                                                                              JMP     FORCE.sub.-- SLEEP5                                                    force.sub.-- sleep                                                                       endp                                                                 INCLUDE ..\asm\force5.asm                                  ;                                                                              ;FILE=FORCE5.ASM (LILYP ONLY)                                                  ;                                                                              busy.sub.-- force                                                                      db  0                                                                  force.sub.-- sleep5                                                                    proc                                                                               near                                                               ;                                                                              test    byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,BUSY.sub.-- FLAG                         jnz     Busy5                                                                  ;   Here we are taking our turn of the cpu on this clock cycle                 ;                                                                              CheckBellAction5:                                                              cli                                                                            APM.sub.-- STATE.sub.-- CMOS                                                   out     CMOS.sub.-- AD,al                                                      in      al,CMOS.sub.-- DT                                                      and     al,80h       ; command bit on?                                         cmp     al,80h                                                                 je      BellInUse5   ; yes, speaker busy                                       in      al,PORT.sub.-- 61                                                                           ; Save Port 61                                            jmp     $+2          ; Need 5 ns delay (290 ns overkill)                       and     al,LOW.sub.-- BITS.sub.-- 61                                                               ;; Mask off low order bits                                 cmp     al,0                                                                   je      bell.sub.-- is.sub.-- off5                                                                  ; Bell free, sleep                                        BellInUse5:                                                                    ;[6.02b]                                                                       and     byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,NOT.sub.-- BUSY.sub.-- FLAG              bell in use, exit                                                              sti                                                                            Busy5:                                                                         ret                                                                            bell.sub.-- is.sub.-- off5:                                                    Can we do it because there maybe DMA running                                   in      al,08h                                                                 mov     ah,al                                                                  in      al,0d0h                                                                or      ah,al                                                                  cmp     al,0                                                                   jne     BellInUse5  ; DMA Active                                               or      byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,BUSY.sub.-- FLAG                         cli                                                                            push    cx      ; Save loop counter                                            mov     cl,02h  ; PCI Bus clock divider to set                                 call    PCICONFIG                                                                              ; Set it; cx = old value to reset                              mov     al,2ah                                                                 out     0f2h,al                                                                in      al,0f3h ; Get value                                                    push    ax      ; Save the mother load                                         and     al,01111111b                                                           or      al,00000100B                                                           out     0f3h,al ; stop clock                                                   jmp     $+2                                                                    jmp     $+2                                                                    pop     ax                                                                     out     0f3h,al                                                                ;;; let it float back to original                                                                  mov   cl,05h                                               mov           cl,05h                                                           ;;; set it to 50 or 33 hz                                                                      mov   cl,01h                                                   call    PCICONFIG                                                                              ; Reset PCI bus to old value                                   pop     cx      ; Reset counter for loop count                                 ;;   Hlt                                                                       STI                                                                            nop                                                                            inc     cs:sleep.sub.-- tick.sub.-- count                                      loop    CheckBellAction5                                                                           ; Give it another shot if requested                        and     byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,NOT.sub.-- BUSY.sub.-- FLAG              ret                                                                            force.sub.-- sleep5                                                                    endp                                                                   include ..\asm\pciconf.asm                                 __________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________                                         ;FILE=FORCE5.ASM(LILYP ONLY)                                                   ;                                                                              busy.sub.-- force                                                                      db     0                                                               force.sub.-- sleep5                                                                    proc   near                                                            ;                                                                              test      byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,BUSY.sub.-- FLAG                       jnz       Busy5                                                                ;     Here we are taking our turn of the cpu on this clock cycle               ;                                                                              CheckBellAction5:                                                              cli                                                                            APM.sub.-- STATE.sub.-- CMOS                                                   out       CMOS.sub.-- AD,al                                                    in        al,CMOS.sub.-- DT                                                    and       al,80h      ; command bit on?                                        cmp       al,80h                                                               je        BellInUse5  ; yes, speaker busy                                      in        al,PORT.sub.-- 61                                                                          ; Save Port 61                                           jmp       $+2         ; Need 5 ns delay (290 ns overkill)                      and       al,LOW.sub.-- BITS.sub.-- 61                                                                 ;; Mask off low order bits                             cmp       al,0                                                                 je        bell.sub.-- is.sub.-- off5                                                                 ; Bell free, sleep                                       BellInUse5:                                                                    ;[6.02b]                                                                       and       byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,NOT.sub.-- BUSY.sub.-- FLAG            ;                                                                              ;     bell in use, exit                                                        ;                                                                              sti                                                                            Busy5:                                                                         ret                                                                            bell.sub.-- is.sub.-- off5:                                                    or        byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,BUSY.sub.-- FLAG                       cli                                                                            push      cx          ; Save loop counter                                      mov       cl,02h      ; PCI Bus clock divider to set                           call      PCICONFIG   ; Set it; cx = old value to reset                        mov       al,2ah                                                               out       0f2h,al                                                              in        al,0f3h     ; Get value                                              push      ax          ; Save the mother load                                   and       al,01111111b                                                         or        al,00000100B                                                         out       0f3h,al     ; stop clock                                             jmp       $+2                                                                  jmp       $+2                                                                  pop       ax                                                                   out       0f3h,al                                                              ;;; let it float back to orginal  mov  cl,05h                                  call      PCICONFIG   ; Reset PCI bus to old value                             pop       cx          ; Reset counter for loop count                           ;;     Hlt                                                                     STI                                                                            nop                                                                            inc       cs:sleep.sub.-- tick.sub.-- count                                    loop      CheckBellAction5 ; Give it another shot if requested                 and       byte ptr cs:busy.sub.-- force,NOT.sub.-- BUSY.sub.-- FLAG            ret                                                                            force.sub.-- sleep5  endp                                                      include ..\asm\pciconf.asm                                 ______________________________________                                    

    ______________________________________                                         ;FILE=pciconf.asm                                                              ;                                                                              ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     ----------------                                                               ;     Initialize PCI for Gary                                                  ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------     ----------------                                                               ;                                                                              ;     CX = Value to write                                                      ;     CX = Value read                                                          ;                                                                              PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- ADDRESS                                                             EQU     0CF8H                                                    PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- DATA                                                                EQU     0CFCH                                                    PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- DATA2                                                               EQU     0CFEH                                                    pciconfig proc  near                                                           .386C                                                                          push      eax                                                                  push      ebx                                                                  push      dx                                                                   mov       ax,8000h    ; BASE Addressing mode                                   ;                                                                              ;     Put the Register for PCI access in BX                                    ;                                                                              mov       bx,44h      ; Done - PCI Bus clock register                          ;                                                                              ;     Access the PCI Register Set                                              ;                                                                              push      eax                                                                  shl       eax,10h                                                              mov       ax,bx                                                                mov       dx,PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- ADDRESS                                  out       dx,eax      ; Register wanted to be selected                         mov       dx,PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- DATA                                     in        eax,dx      ; Read the register set wanted                           shr       eax,10h                                                              mov       dx,ax                                                                pop       eax                                                                  push      dx                                                                   mov       dx,PCI.sub.-- CONFIG.sub.-- DATA2  ;                                 mov       al,cl                                                                pop       cx                                                                   out       dx,al       ; Data out to PCI Wanted                                 pop       dx                                                                   pop       ebx                                                                  pop       eax                                                                  .286C                                                                          ret                                                                            pciconfig endp                                                                 ______________________________________                                    

    __________________________________________________________________________     ;FILE=Thermal.Equ                                                              ;Watts (12/15/94)                                                              ;                                                                              ;                                                                              ;   tlevel IS IN DEGREE F.                                                     ;                                                                              ;;;TLEVEL0                                                                               EQU 08h         ;                                                    TLEVEL0   EQU 01h                                                              TLEVEL1   EQU 0ah         ;                                                    TLEVEL2   EQU 0ch         ;                                                    TLEVEL3   EQU 0eh         ;                                                    TLEVEL4   EQU 11h         ;                                                    TLEVEL5   EQU 14h         ;                                                    TLEVEL6   EQU 17h         ;                                                    TLEVEL7   EQU 20h         ;                                                    ;                                                                              THERMALREAD                                                                              equ 5     ;n minutes right now                                       IT        equ THERMALREAD                                                      TK        equ MINUTE.sub.-- RELOAD*IT                                                                    ;Number of ticks/interval                            TSLICE0   Equ TSLICE7                                                                              ;was 0   ;0 slice                                          TSLICE1   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP1)/100)                                                                        ; 3% over n minutes                                  TSLICE2   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP2)/100)                                                                        ; 5% over n minutes                                  TSLICE3   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP3)/100)                                                                        ; 7% over n minutes                                  TSLICE4   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP4)/100)                                                                        ;10% over 4 minutes                                  TSLICE5   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP5)/100)                                                                        ;20% over 5 minutes                                  TSLICE6   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP6)/100)                                                                        ;30% over 5 minutes                                  TSLICE7   Equ TK/(((TK)*TP7)/100)                                                                        ;40% over 5 minutes                                  TP1       equ 50 ;90 tested                                                    ;;;TP1      EQU 05                                                             TP2       EQU 10                                                               TP3       EQU 15                                                               TP4       EQU 20                                                               TP5       EQU 30                                                               TP6       EQU 35                                                               TP7       EQU 50                                                               __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the utilization percentage of said CPU.
 2. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the utilization percentage of said CPU.
 3. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor inhibits the modification of said clock signal while said CPU is processing critical I/O.
 4. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor inhibits the modification of said clock signal while said CPU is processing critical I/O even when said temperature associated with said CPU is above a preselected threshold temperature level.
 5. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor sends signals to the clock manager requesting the clock manager to demodify the clock signal being sent to the CPU in response to said monitor detecting a critical I/O request.
 6. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor sends signals to the clock manager requesting the clock manager to demodify the clock signal being sent to the CPU in response to said monitor detecting a critical I/O request even when said temperature associated with said CPU is above a preselected threshold temperature level.
 7. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor is on board said CPU.
 8. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said temperature is detected via a temperature sensor.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said temperature sensor is mounted directly on said CPU.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said temperature sensor is mounted within said CPU.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said temperature sensor is mounted on a PWB board adjacent said CPU.
 12. The apparatus of any one of claims 9-11, wherein said temperature sensor is a thermistor.
 13. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said temperature is predicted using a temperature prediction mode.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said temperature is predicted using a temperature prediction mode without using temperature sensors.
 15. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said temperature is sensed on a periodic basis.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the frequency of said sensing is user modifiable.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the frequency of said sensing changes as said temperature reaches preselected threshold values.
 18. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said monitor is self-tuning.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said monitor uses a control system of continuous feedback loops.
 20. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and/or temperature associated with said CPU.
 21. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 22. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the idle time in said CPU.
 23. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the relative amount of idle time in said CPU in response to the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and/or temperature associated with said CPU.
 24. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the relative amount of idle time within said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a predetermined level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 25. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and/or temperature associated with said CPU.
 26. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 27. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the activity time in said CPU.
 28. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the activity time within said CPU in response to one of the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 29. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the activity time within said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 30. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the utilization percentage of said CPU.
 31. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to one of the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 32. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 33. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the amount of idle time and optimize the activity time in said CPU.
 34. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the amount of idle time and optimize the activity time in said CPU in response to one of the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 35. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to minimize the idle time and optimize the activity time within said CPU in response to one of: a) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level; b) temperature associated with said CPU; and c) the utilization percentage of said CPU being below a preselected level and temperature associated with said CPU.
 36. The apparatus of any one of claims 20-21, 23-24, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, and 34-35 wherein the preselected level of the utilization percentage is an optimum level.
 37. The apparatus of any one of claims 20-21, 23-24, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, and 34-35 wherein the temperature associated with said CPU is at and/or above a preselected level.
 38. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); a monitor for measuring the utilization of and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager selectively modifying a clock signal being sent to said CPU to optimize the utilization percentage of said CPU.
 39. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU); means for determining a utilization percentage of and temperature associated with said CPU; and means for adjusting processing speed of said central processing unit (CPU) in response to said determined utilization percentage and temperature to optimize said utilization percentage.
 40. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU) coupled to a clock; means for monitoring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and means, responsive to said monitoring means, for controlling periods of time said clock is in an OFF state, the length of said periods of time said clock is in an OFF state being appropriate to allow said CPU to operate at an optimized utilization percentage.
 41. An apparatus, comprising:a central processing unit (CPU) coupled to a clock; a monitor for measuring the relative amount of idle time and activity time within and temperature associated with said CPU; and a clock manager coupled to said monitor, said clock manager controlling periods of time said clock is in an OFF state, the length of said periods of time said clock is in an OFF state being appropriate to allow said CPU to operate at an optimized utilization percentage.
 42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein energy consumption in said CPU is at a maximum when the length of each period of time said clock is in an OFF state is at zero.
 43. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein energy consumption in said CPU decreases as the length of each period of time said clock is in an OFF state increases.
 44. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein said periods of time said clock is in an OFF state are constantly being adjusted to optimize said utilization percentage and control the temperature of said central processing unit.
 45. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein said OFF state represents the minimum clock rate at which said central processing unit can operate.
 46. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein said minimum clock rate may be zero for central processing units that can have their clocks stopped. 